After the first few Artemio Franchi Cups and the 1992 King Fahd
Cup, the framework of a future Confederations Cup was taking shape and the 1995
would be the final preliminary step.
While the 1992 event had involved four nations, this one would
involve six from the existing Confederations.
Along
with the Saudi Arabian hosts, Denmark (1992 Euros Champions), Argentina (1993
Copa America winners), Nigeria (1994 Champions of Africa), Japan (1992 Asian
Champions) and Mexico (1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners) took part.
For
the first time teams were separated in Groups in a round robin format.
All
the matches would be staged in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during a one-week period
(January 6th through January 13th).
In
Group A, the hosts Saudi Arabia were grouped with Denmark and Mexico.
Group
B consisted of Argentina along with Nigeria and Japan.
The
favorites were needless to say the European and South American champions of
Denmark and Argentina.
Argentina
had recently appointed Daniel Passarella as National Team manager and he had
rejuvenated the squad with the 1996 Olympics and the 1998 World Cup in mind.
The
newcomers included the likes of Javier Zanetti, Sebastian Rambert and Roberto
Ayala among others. Passarella had nevertheless hung on some of the old guard
such as Batistuta and Chamot.
Richard
Möller-Nielsen’s Denmark did not include a full strength squad and many key
players such as Peter Schmeichel, Lars Olsen, Thomas Helveg, Flemming Povlsen,
Kim Vilfort and John Jensen were missing.
The
Laudrup brothers (Michael and Laudrup) were present for much needed experience,
but most of the squad were up and coming home-based players hoping to make
their way into the squad.
The
Competition kicked off on January 6th at King Fahd International
Stadium (as every match would).
For
the first match in Group A, Saudi Arabia took on Mexico. There was some
controversy in the Mexican camp. Mexico had just signed a kit deal, which
prevented goalkeeper Jorge Campos from wearing his usual fluorescent strip. As
a sign of protest he wore all black strip in this match.
Mexico
defeated the hosts (2-0) with a brace from Luis García, who had come on in the
second half.
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(January
6, 1995, Confederations Cup, Saudi Arabia 0-Mexico 2)
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(January
6, 1995, Confederations Cup, Saudi Arabia 0-Mexico 2)
In
the 65th minute, a corner from the right side by Jesus Ramón Ramírez
reached Garcia, unmarked on the far left side, and he scored.
In
the 82nd minute, Luis Garcia doubled the lead. On the left side,
Garcia Aspe fed Garcia and he scored after a one-two combination with Ignacio Ambriz.
Two
days later, on January 8th, Saudi Arabia hosted Denmark and lost
once again (0-2).
Denmark
included debutants such as Jacob Laursen, Michael Schjønberg and Bo Hansen
(second half substitute).
Michael
Laudrup was rested and in his place his younger brother Brian skippered the
side.
Brian
Laudrup would break the deadlock in the 43rd minute. He scored after going on a solo run and
shooting from a closed angle (as the Saudi defense probably anticipated a
cross).
Second
half substitute Morten Wieghorst doubled the lead in the 89th
minute.
A long throw-in from Michael Schjønberg from the
left side reached a Danish teammate who laid it on for Wieghorst to score.
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(Brian Laudrup, January 8, 1995, Confederations
Cup, Saudi Arabia 0-Denmark 2)
Two
days later on January 10th, Denmark and Mexico faced off for Group
leadership as both teams had identical records.
Jorge
Campos was back to wearing his fluorescent jersey. After his protest in the
previous match, the Mexican authorities had relented and authorized Jorge
Campos to wear his usual strip.
Michael
Laudrup was present to Captain the Danes and Carsten Hemmingsen would make his
International debut for Denmark.
Danish
goalkeeper Lars Høgh would be replaced due to injury by Mogens Krogh in the 28th
minute.
Mexico
took the lead in the 70th minute, once again through Luis Garcia. A
long cross from inside the Mexican half forced Mogens Krogh to come out of his
box. Since he could not use his hands, he headed it out. The loose ball reached
Garcia, who lobbed it over Marc Rieper (the last Danish defender).
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(January
10, 1995, Confederations Cup, Denmark 1-Mexico 1)
With
only two minutes remaining, Denmark leveled the score. Brian Steen-Nielsen crossed from inside the Danish half towards Marc
Rieper who headed it across the goal for Peter Rasmussen to head home.
The
score remained unchanged and a penalty kick shoot-out was required to determine
a winner. Denmark came out winners (4-2) in the shoot-out as both Luis García
and Marcelino Bernal missed their attempts.
Denmark
advanced to the Final and Mexico were to play in the Third place match.
In
Group B, Nigeria and Japan faced one another on January 6th and it
was an easy win for the Africans (3-0).
The
Nigerians took the lead in the 5th minute. Amunike’s corner from the
right side was headed across. Instead of clearing one of the Japanese defenders
deflected it into the goalmouth area and Samson Siasia side footed it in.
They
doubled the lead in the 54th minute. Oliseh’s free kick from the
right side was delivered to the far left post and headed in by Mutu Adepoju.
In
the 64th minute, Daniel Amokachi won the ball in his own half and
went through to goal and after a one-two with Okocha; he scored from a narrow
angle.
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(January 6, 1995, Confederations Cup, Japan
0-Nigeria 3)
Two
days later on January 8th, the Japanese faced Argentina and it was
an even more of a one sided affair as the Argentines won (5-1).
Sebastian
Rambert opened the scoring in the 31st and Ariel Ortega doubled
Argentina’s lead just before halftime. Both goals were created by passes from
the left side by Jose Antonio Chamot.
Photo
From: World Soccer, April 1995
(January
8, 1995, Confederations Cup, Argentina 5-Japan 1)
Photo
From: El Grafico Number 3927, 1995
(January
8, 1995, Confederations Cup, Argentina 5-Japan 1)
Photo
From: El Grafico Number 3927, 1995
(January
8, 1995, Confederations Cup, Argentina 5-Japan 1)
A
minute after the restart Gabriel Batistuta scored Argentina’s third after he
headed in a rebound after Rambert’s shot was only parried by the Japanese
goalkeeper Shigetatsu Matsunaga. In the 53rd minute, Jose Antonio
Chamot received a ball on the left side and moved up through the center and
shot from just inside the box and scored Argentina’s fourth.
Three
minutes later, Kazu Miura pulled one goal back for Japan by scoring from low
shot on a free kick.
Gabriel
Batistuta completed the rout with his second goal in the 85th minute
from a penalty kick awarded for a foul on him.
On
January 10th, Argentina and Nigeria faced one another with only goal
difference separating the two (Argentina: +4, Nigeria: +3).
Despite
ending scoreless, it was a match with many chances and Nigeria took the game to
the Argentineans in the early going.
Argentina
had more chances in the second half but the match was balanced.
The
scoreless result allowed Argentina to advance to the Final and Nigeria were to
play in the Third place match.
Photo
From: France Football, Issue 2565, June 6, 1995
(Sebastian Rambert, January 10, 1995,
Confederations Cup, Argentina 0-Nigeria 0)
The
Third Place and the Final took place on January 13th.
First
Nigeria and Mexico stepped onto the field to face one another for the Third
Place Match.
Mexico
took the lead in the 20th minute. A free kick from the right side
into the box was headed and then punched out and reached Ramón Ramírez who
volleyed it in from just inside the box.
Nigeria
tied the match in the 31st minute. A free kick from the right side
was deflected out by the Mexican defense and then lobbed back in the box. Jorge
Campos was unable to hold the ball as Amunike was pressuring him. Daniel
Amokachi picked up the loose ball and scored into the undefended net.
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(January 13, 1995, Confederations Cup, Mexico
1-Nigeria 1)
The
score remained unchanged and the match had to be decided with a penalty kick
shoot-out. This time Mexican were luckier and won on a (5-4) shoot-out.
After
Emmanuel Amunike had missed Nigeria’s fifth attempt, Claudio Suárez scored his
attempt and Mexico won.
Afterwards
Argentina and Denmark faced one another to decide the winner.
For
Argentina, Jorge Ruben Jimenez made his debut for the National team replacing
Hugo Perez in the lineup.
Denmark
took the lead in the 10th minute through a penalty kick by Michael
Laudrup (after Christian Bassedas had fouled Jes Høgh in the box).
Shortly
thereafter Michael Laudrup was injured and had to be substituted in the 26th
minute by Morten Wieghorst.
New
stand-in skipper Brian Laudrup set up Denmark’s second goal in the 74th
minute, by crossing from the left side touchline for Peter Rasmussen to score.
Photo
From: France Football, Issue 2545, January 17, 1995
(Peter Rasmussen, January 13, 1995,
Confederations Cup, Denmark 2-Argentina 0)
Photo
From: World Soccer, March 1995
(January 13, 1995, Confederations Cup, Denmark
2-Argentina 0)
Photo
From: HISTORIA DE LA SELECCION ARGENTINA (EL GRAFICO, 1997)-FASCICULO 6
(19711975)
(January 13, 1995, Confederations Cup, Denmark
2-Argentina 0)
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(Denmark’s
victorious squad, January 13, 1995, Confederations Cup, Denmark 2-Argentina 0)
Denmark
became Champions and won the $1.5 Million US Dollars prize (which came out to
roughly $22,000 for each player).
As
Runner-ups Argentina collected $1 Million dollars and the rest collected:
Mexico ($800,000 US Dollars), Nigeria ($700,000 US Dollars) and Japan and Saudi
Arabia ($500,000 US Dollars each).
Mexico’s
Luis Garcia was the top goalscorer with three goals and his compatriot Jorge
Campos was voted as the best goalkeeper of the Tournament.
In
the absence of some regulars, Denmark saw it had a reservoir of talent waiting
in the wings.
Danish
newcomers such as Jacob Laursen, Michael Schjønberg and Jes Høgh made a strong
impression and earned future call-ups.
For
Argentina, this was more practice for Passarella to mold his young side.
There
were some concerns that the crowds were lower than expected. The fact that the
competition was smacked right in the middle of the European season could be
one. The Saudis blamed the low turnout due to the fact that the matches were
played during the traditional time for school examinations.
Regardless,
FIFA had seen enough to include it as part of its roster of Tournaments.
At
the conclusion of the Tournament, FIFA President Joao Havelange declared that
starting from the 1997 edition, the event would be organized under FIFA.
The
FIFA Confederations Cup was officially born and underway.
Note:
For each match a ‘Player of the Match’ was selected and awarded $3,000 US
Dollars.
January
6, 1995 (Saudi Arabia 0-Mexico 2): Luis Garcia
(Mexico)
January
6, 1995 (Japan 0-Nigeria 3) : Sunday Oliseh (Nigeria)
January
8, 1995 (Saudi Arabia 0-Denmark 2): Brian Laudrup (Denmark)
January
8, 1995 (Argentina 5-Japan 1) : Ariel Ortega (Argentina)
January
10, 1995 (Denmark 1-Mexico 1): Ignacio
Ambriz (Mexico)
January
10, 1995 (Argentina 0-Nigeria 0) : Samson Siasia (Nigeria)
January
13, 1995 (Mexico 1-Nigeria 1): Jorge Campos (Mexico)
January
13, 1995 (Denmark 2-Argentina 0): Brian Laudrup (Denmark)
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(Brian
Laudrup, January 13, 1995, Confederations Cup, Denmark 2-Argentina 0)
References:
France
Football, Issue 2565, June 6, 1995
France
Football, Issue 2544, January 10, 1995
France
Football, Issue 2545, January 17, 1995
El
Grafico Number 3927, 1995
Onze-Mondial,
Issue 73, February 1995
World
Soccer, March 1995
World
Soccer, April 1995
HISTORIA
DE LA SELECCION ARGENTINA (EL GRAFICO, 1997)\FASCICULO 10 (1992/1997)
HISTORIA
DE LA SELECCION ARGENTINA (EL GRAFICO, 1997)\FASCICULO 6 (1971/1975)
‘Landsholdet-I medgang og modgang, Historien om
fodboldlandsholdwet 1980-1999’, Author: Palle "Banks" Jorgensen, 2000
Categorias
Entidades
After the first few Artemio Franchi Cups and the 1992 King Fahd
Cup, the framework of a future Confederations Cup was taking shape and the 1995
would be the final preliminary step.
While the 1992 event had involved four nations, this one would
involve six from the existing Confederations.
Along
with the Saudi Arabian hosts, Denmark (1992 Euros Champions), Argentina (1993
Copa America winners), Nigeria (1994 Champions of Africa), Japan (1992 Asian
Champions) and Mexico (1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners) took part.
For
the first time teams were separated in Groups in a round robin format.
All
the matches would be staged in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during a one-week period
(January 6th through January 13th).
In
Group A, the hosts Saudi Arabia were grouped with Denmark and Mexico.
Group
B consisted of Argentina along with Nigeria and Japan.
The
favorites were needless to say the European and South American champions of
Denmark and Argentina.
Argentina
had recently appointed Daniel Passarella as National Team manager and he had
rejuvenated the squad with the 1996 Olympics and the 1998 World Cup in mind.
The
newcomers included the likes of Javier Zanetti, Sebastian Rambert and Roberto
Ayala among others. Passarella had nevertheless hung on some of the old guard
such as Batistuta and Chamot.
Richard
Möller-Nielsen’s Denmark did not include a full strength squad and many key
players such as Peter Schmeichel, Lars Olsen, Thomas Helveg, Flemming Povlsen,
Kim Vilfort and John Jensen were missing.
The
Laudrup brothers (Michael and Laudrup) were present for much needed experience,
but most of the squad were up and coming home-based players hoping to make
their way into the squad.
The
Competition kicked off on January 6th at King Fahd International
Stadium (as every match would).
For
the first match in Group A, Saudi Arabia took on Mexico. There was some
controversy in the Mexican camp. Mexico had just signed a kit deal, which
prevented goalkeeper Jorge Campos from wearing his usual fluorescent strip. As
a sign of protest he wore all black strip in this match.
Mexico
defeated the hosts (2-0) with a brace from Luis García, who had come on in the
second half.
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(January
6, 1995, Confederations Cup, Saudi Arabia 0-Mexico 2)
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(January
6, 1995, Confederations Cup, Saudi Arabia 0-Mexico 2)
In
the 65th minute, a corner from the right side by Jesus Ramón Ramírez
reached Garcia, unmarked on the far left side, and he scored.
In
the 82nd minute, Luis Garcia doubled the lead. On the left side,
Garcia Aspe fed Garcia and he scored after a one-two combination with Ignacio Ambriz.
Two
days later, on January 8th, Saudi Arabia hosted Denmark and lost
once again (0-2).
Denmark
included debutants such as Jacob Laursen, Michael Schjønberg and Bo Hansen
(second half substitute).
Michael
Laudrup was rested and in his place his younger brother Brian skippered the
side.
Brian
Laudrup would break the deadlock in the 43rd minute. He scored after going on a solo run and
shooting from a closed angle (as the Saudi defense probably anticipated a
cross).
Second
half substitute Morten Wieghorst doubled the lead in the 89th
minute.
A long throw-in from Michael Schjønberg from the
left side reached a Danish teammate who laid it on for Wieghorst to score.
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(Brian Laudrup, January 8, 1995, Confederations
Cup, Saudi Arabia 0-Denmark 2)
Two
days later on January 10th, Denmark and Mexico faced off for Group
leadership as both teams had identical records.
Jorge
Campos was back to wearing his fluorescent jersey. After his protest in the
previous match, the Mexican authorities had relented and authorized Jorge
Campos to wear his usual strip.
Michael
Laudrup was present to Captain the Danes and Carsten Hemmingsen would make his
International debut for Denmark.
Danish
goalkeeper Lars Høgh would be replaced due to injury by Mogens Krogh in the 28th
minute.
Mexico
took the lead in the 70th minute, once again through Luis Garcia. A
long cross from inside the Mexican half forced Mogens Krogh to come out of his
box. Since he could not use his hands, he headed it out. The loose ball reached
Garcia, who lobbed it over Marc Rieper (the last Danish defender).
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(January
10, 1995, Confederations Cup, Denmark 1-Mexico 1)
With
only two minutes remaining, Denmark leveled the score. Brian Steen-Nielsen crossed from inside the Danish half towards Marc
Rieper who headed it across the goal for Peter Rasmussen to head home.
The
score remained unchanged and a penalty kick shoot-out was required to determine
a winner. Denmark came out winners (4-2) in the shoot-out as both Luis García
and Marcelino Bernal missed their attempts.
Denmark
advanced to the Final and Mexico were to play in the Third place match.
In
Group B, Nigeria and Japan faced one another on January 6th and it
was an easy win for the Africans (3-0).
The
Nigerians took the lead in the 5th minute. Amunike’s corner from the
right side was headed across. Instead of clearing one of the Japanese defenders
deflected it into the goalmouth area and Samson Siasia side footed it in.
They
doubled the lead in the 54th minute. Oliseh’s free kick from the
right side was delivered to the far left post and headed in by Mutu Adepoju.
In
the 64th minute, Daniel Amokachi won the ball in his own half and
went through to goal and after a one-two with Okocha; he scored from a narrow
angle.
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(January 6, 1995, Confederations Cup, Japan
0-Nigeria 3)
Two
days later on January 8th, the Japanese faced Argentina and it was
an even more of a one sided affair as the Argentines won (5-1).
Sebastian
Rambert opened the scoring in the 31st and Ariel Ortega doubled
Argentina’s lead just before halftime. Both goals were created by passes from
the left side by Jose Antonio Chamot.
Photo
From: World Soccer, April 1995
(January
8, 1995, Confederations Cup, Argentina 5-Japan 1)
Photo
From: El Grafico Number 3927, 1995
(January
8, 1995, Confederations Cup, Argentina 5-Japan 1)
Photo
From: El Grafico Number 3927, 1995
(January
8, 1995, Confederations Cup, Argentina 5-Japan 1)
A
minute after the restart Gabriel Batistuta scored Argentina’s third after he
headed in a rebound after Rambert’s shot was only parried by the Japanese
goalkeeper Shigetatsu Matsunaga. In the 53rd minute, Jose Antonio
Chamot received a ball on the left side and moved up through the center and
shot from just inside the box and scored Argentina’s fourth.
Three
minutes later, Kazu Miura pulled one goal back for Japan by scoring from low
shot on a free kick.
Gabriel
Batistuta completed the rout with his second goal in the 85th minute
from a penalty kick awarded for a foul on him.
On
January 10th, Argentina and Nigeria faced one another with only goal
difference separating the two (Argentina: +4, Nigeria: +3).
Despite
ending scoreless, it was a match with many chances and Nigeria took the game to
the Argentineans in the early going.
Argentina
had more chances in the second half but the match was balanced.
The
scoreless result allowed Argentina to advance to the Final and Nigeria were to
play in the Third place match.
Photo
From: France Football, Issue 2565, June 6, 1995
(Sebastian Rambert, January 10, 1995,
Confederations Cup, Argentina 0-Nigeria 0)
The
Third Place and the Final took place on January 13th.
First
Nigeria and Mexico stepped onto the field to face one another for the Third
Place Match.
Mexico
took the lead in the 20th minute. A free kick from the right side
into the box was headed and then punched out and reached Ramón Ramírez who
volleyed it in from just inside the box.
Nigeria
tied the match in the 31st minute. A free kick from the right side
was deflected out by the Mexican defense and then lobbed back in the box. Jorge
Campos was unable to hold the ball as Amunike was pressuring him. Daniel
Amokachi picked up the loose ball and scored into the undefended net.
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(January 13, 1995, Confederations Cup, Mexico
1-Nigeria 1)
The
score remained unchanged and the match had to be decided with a penalty kick
shoot-out. This time Mexican were luckier and won on a (5-4) shoot-out.
After
Emmanuel Amunike had missed Nigeria’s fifth attempt, Claudio Suárez scored his
attempt and Mexico won.
Afterwards
Argentina and Denmark faced one another to decide the winner.
For
Argentina, Jorge Ruben Jimenez made his debut for the National team replacing
Hugo Perez in the lineup.
Denmark
took the lead in the 10th minute through a penalty kick by Michael
Laudrup (after Christian Bassedas had fouled Jes Høgh in the box).
Shortly
thereafter Michael Laudrup was injured and had to be substituted in the 26th
minute by Morten Wieghorst.
New
stand-in skipper Brian Laudrup set up Denmark’s second goal in the 74th
minute, by crossing from the left side touchline for Peter Rasmussen to score.
Photo
From: France Football, Issue 2545, January 17, 1995
(Peter Rasmussen, January 13, 1995,
Confederations Cup, Denmark 2-Argentina 0)
Photo
From: World Soccer, March 1995
(January 13, 1995, Confederations Cup, Denmark
2-Argentina 0)
Photo
From: HISTORIA DE LA SELECCION ARGENTINA (EL GRAFICO, 1997)-FASCICULO 6
(19711975)
(January 13, 1995, Confederations Cup, Denmark
2-Argentina 0)
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(Denmark’s
victorious squad, January 13, 1995, Confederations Cup, Denmark 2-Argentina 0)
Denmark
became Champions and won the $1.5 Million US Dollars prize (which came out to
roughly $22,000 for each player).
As
Runner-ups Argentina collected $1 Million dollars and the rest collected:
Mexico ($800,000 US Dollars), Nigeria ($700,000 US Dollars) and Japan and Saudi
Arabia ($500,000 US Dollars each).
Mexico’s
Luis Garcia was the top goalscorer with three goals and his compatriot Jorge
Campos was voted as the best goalkeeper of the Tournament.
In
the absence of some regulars, Denmark saw it had a reservoir of talent waiting
in the wings.
Danish
newcomers such as Jacob Laursen, Michael Schjønberg and Jes Høgh made a strong
impression and earned future call-ups.
For
Argentina, this was more practice for Passarella to mold his young side.
There
were some concerns that the crowds were lower than expected. The fact that the
competition was smacked right in the middle of the European season could be
one. The Saudis blamed the low turnout due to the fact that the matches were
played during the traditional time for school examinations.
Regardless,
FIFA had seen enough to include it as part of its roster of Tournaments.
At
the conclusion of the Tournament, FIFA President Joao Havelange declared that
starting from the 1997 edition, the event would be organized under FIFA.
The
FIFA Confederations Cup was officially born and underway.
Note:
For each match a ‘Player of the Match’ was selected and awarded $3,000 US
Dollars.
January
6, 1995 (Saudi Arabia 0-Mexico 2): Luis Garcia
(Mexico)
January
6, 1995 (Japan 0-Nigeria 3) : Sunday Oliseh (Nigeria)
January
8, 1995 (Saudi Arabia 0-Denmark 2): Brian Laudrup (Denmark)
January
8, 1995 (Argentina 5-Japan 1) : Ariel Ortega (Argentina)
January
10, 1995 (Denmark 1-Mexico 1): Ignacio
Ambriz (Mexico)
January
10, 1995 (Argentina 0-Nigeria 0) : Samson Siasia (Nigeria)
January
13, 1995 (Mexico 1-Nigeria 1): Jorge Campos (Mexico)
January
13, 1995 (Denmark 2-Argentina 0): Brian Laudrup (Denmark)
Photo
From: Onze-Mondial, Issue 73, February 1995
(Brian
Laudrup, January 13, 1995, Confederations Cup, Denmark 2-Argentina 0)
References:
France
Football, Issue 2565, June 6, 1995
France
Football, Issue 2544, January 10, 1995
France
Football, Issue 2545, January 17, 1995
El
Grafico Number 3927, 1995
Onze-Mondial,
Issue 73, February 1995
World
Soccer, March 1995
World
Soccer, April 1995
HISTORIA
DE LA SELECCION ARGENTINA (EL GRAFICO, 1997)\FASCICULO 10 (1992/1997)
HISTORIA
DE LA SELECCION ARGENTINA (EL GRAFICO, 1997)\FASCICULO 6 (1971/1975)
‘Landsholdet-I medgang og modgang, Historien om
fodboldlandsholdwet 1980-1999’, Author: Palle "Banks" Jorgensen, 2000